In Arabic, the word literally means "speech". ʿIlm al-Kalām ( Arabic: علم الكلام) is the philosophy that seeks Islamic theological principles through dialectic. Many of the early philosophical debates centered around reconciling religion and reason, the latter exemplified by Greek philosophy. The main sources of classical or early Islamic philosophy are the religion of Islam itself (especially ideas derived and interpreted from the Quran) and Greek philosophy which the early Muslims inherited as a result of conquests, along with pre-Islamic Indian philosophy and Persian philosophy. Supporters of the latter thesis, like Leo Strauss, maintain that Islamic philosophers wrote so as to conceal their true meaning in order to avoid religious persecution, but scholars such as Oliver Leaman disagree. Some of the key issues involve the comparative importance of eastern intellectuals such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and of western thinkers such as Ibn Rushd, and also whether Islamic philosophy can be read at face value or should be interpreted in an esoteric fashion. ![]() The historiography of Islamic philosophy is marked by disputes as to how the subject should be properly interpreted. It is also important to observe that, while "reason" ( 'aql) is sometimes recognised as a source of Islamic law, it has been claimed that this has a totally different meaning from "reason" in philosophy. Some argue that there is no indication that the limited knowledge and experience of humans can lead to truth. Some schools of thought within Islam deny the usefulness or legitimacy of philosophical inquiry. In its narrowest sense it is a translation of Falsafa, meaning those particular schools of thought that most reflect the influence of Greek systems of philosophy such as Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism. In another sense it refers to any of the schools of thought that flourished under the Islamic empire or in the shadow of the Arab-Islamic culture and Islamic civilization. In its broadest sense it means the world view of Islam, as derived from the Islamic texts concerning the creation of the universe and the will of the Creator. Islamic philosophy is a generic term that can be defined and used in different ways. As it is not necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor exclusively produced by Muslims, many scholars prefer the term "Arabic philosophy." Islamic philosophy refers to philosophy produced in an Islamic society. Islamic philosophy had a major impact in Christian Europe, where translation of Arabic philosophical texts into Latin "led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world", with a particularly strong influence of Muslim philosophers being felt in natural philosophy, psychology and metaphysics. Interest in Islamic philosophy revived during the Nahda ("Awakening") movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and continues to the present day. Ibn Khaldun, in his Muqaddimah, made important contributions to the philosophy of history. Islamic philosophy persisted for much longer in Muslim Eastern countries, in particular Safavid Persia, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires, where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish: Avicennism, Averroism, Illuminationist philosophy, Mystical philosophy, Transcendent theosophy, and Isfahan philosophy. The death of Averroes effectively marked the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Islamic school, and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries such as Islamic Iberia and North Africa. ![]() 'speech'), which refers to a rationalist form of Scholastic Islamic theology which includes the schools of Maturidiyah, Ashaira and Mu'tazila.Įarly Islamic philosophy began with Al-Kindi in the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and ended with Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) in the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE), broadly coinciding with the period known as the Golden Age of Islam. ![]() 'philosophy'), which refers to philosophy as well as logic, mathematics, and physics and Kalam ( lit. ![]() Two terms traditionally used in the Islamic world are sometimes translated as philosophy-falsafa ( lit. Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition. For Jewish philosophy in Arabic, see Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400).
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